The Difference between the Land Title (Raqabah) when it is for the State and when it is for the Individual

প্রশ্ন · Question

Assalamu Alaikum Wa Ramatullah Wa Barakaatuhu,
Pardon me, in the book of the Economic System in Islam by the
honorable scholar Taqiuddin an -Nabhani, may Allah have mercy on
him, he talked about the Kharaji land and the 'Ushri land.
My question: What is the difference between the land title (raqabah)
and its benefit when they are for the individual and when the land
title (raqabah) belongs to the state and its benefit to the individual?
Thanks for the clarification.

উত্তর · Answer

Wa Alaikum Assalam wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuh,
Land according to the Ahkam Shariah (Islamic rulings) is of two types:
Kharaji land and 'Ushri land. Both types can be exchanged through
sale, purchase or granted as gift, and are inherited from their owners
because they are a real property of the owner and it applies on them
all the Ahkam of ownership. And there is no difference between
them except in two things, the first one is the owned property itself,
and the second is the right due on the land:
1- As for the owned property, the owner of the 'Ushri land owns its
land title (raqabah) and its benefit, and the owner of the Kharaji land
he owns its benefit only without owning its land title (raqabah). This
means the owner of the Kharaji land cannot carry out any Hukm
Shar'i which one of its conditions for validity is the ownership of the
property, but the owner of the 'Ushri land can do it. For example,
endowment (Waqf) requires the ownership of the property to be
endowed; therefore, if the owner of th e 'Ushri land wants to endow
the land he owns, he can do it any time he wants, because he owns

its property that is its land title (raqabah). But if the owner of the
Kharaji land wants to endow the land that he owns, he cannot
because endowment requires for the one who wants to endow a land
that he owns it. However, the owner of the Kharaji land does not
own the property (i.e. the title) but owns its benefits because its title
belongs to Bait ul-Mal (State Treasury).
2- As for the right due on the land, there is 'Ushr (one tenth) upon the
'Ushri land, and Kharaj upon the Kharaji land, and the difference
between 'Ushr and Kharaj is as follows:
- 'Ushr is taken from the harvest of the land. This means that the
State takes from the land's farmers one tenth of the actual
production of the land if it is irrigated naturally by rain water, but it
takes half of the tenth of the real production if the land was irrigated
artificially by a waterwheel or other similar means.
Muslim has narrated from Jabir that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:
«ِ
فِيمَا سَقَتْ الَْْنْهَارُ وَالْغَيْمُ الْعُشُورُ وَفِيمَا سُق ِيَ بِالسَّانِيَةِ نِصْفُ الْعُشِّْ »
“One tenth is put on what is irrigated by the rivers and rain and half
of the tenth is put on what is irrigated by the waterwheel.” This tenth
is considered a Zakat and is placed in the Bait ul -Mal, and it is not
paid except to one of the eight categories mentioned in the Qur'anic
verse:
(إِنَّمَا الصَّدَقَاتُ لِلْفُقَرَاءِ وَالْمَسَاكِيْ ِ وَالْعَامِلِيْ َ عَلَيْهَا وَالْمُؤَلهفَةِ قُلُوب ُهُمْ وَف ِي الررقَابِ
وَالْغَارِمِيْ َ وَف ِي سَبِ يلِ اللَّهِ وَابْنِ السَّبِيلِ فَرِيضَةً مِنَ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ عَلِيمٌ حَكِيمٌ)
The alms are only for the poor, and the needy, and those who
collect them, and those whose hearts are to be reconciled and to free
the slaves, and the debtors, and for the way of Allah (Jihad) and for
the wayfarers; a duty imposed by Allah.” [At-Tauba: 60].
It is not taken except from the four food categories as Al -Hakim, Al-
Baihaqi and At-Tabarani reported through the Hadith of Abu Musa al-

Ash'ari and Mu'adh that when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ sent them
to Yemen to teach people the Deen, he ﷺ said:
«خُذَا الصَّدَقَةَ إِلََّ مِنْ هَذِهِ الَْْرْبَعَةِ: الشَّعِيِْ، وَالْحِنْطَةِ، وَالزَّبِيبِ، وَالتَّمْرِ
ْ
لََ تَأ »
“Don't take the zakat or charity except from these four things: Barley,
wheat, raisins and dates.”
- However, Kharaj is that which the State takes from the landlord; a
certain quantity that it estimates and defines according to the usual
estimated production of the land, rather than its actual production.
Kharaj is estimated on the land by as much as can be afforded from it
without bringing injustice neither to the landlord nor to the Bait ul -
Mal. It is collected every year from the landlord whether it was
planted upon or not and whether it was fertile or barren. Abu Yusuf
narrated in Al -Kharaj from Amru bin Maymun and Haritha bin
Mudhrab:
نْ
َ
مَرَهُ أ
َ
بَعَثَ عُمَرُ بْنُ الْخَطَّابِ رَض ِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالََ عَنْهُ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ حَنِيفٍ عَلََ السَّوَاد،ِ وَأ
يَمْسَحَهُ، فَوَضَعَ عَلََ جَرِيبٍ وْ غَامِرٍ، مِمَّا يُعْمَلُ مِثْلُهُ، دِرْهَمًا وَقَفِيْ ًا
َ
عَامِرٍ، أ
Umar bin Al-Khattab sent 'Uthman ibn Hanif to the land of Iraq and
he ordered him to survey it, and put one Dirham and one Qafeez"
(about 16kg) on each Jareeb (a patch of arable land) whether it was
cultivated or overflowed with water, but could be usually used.”
Kharaj is placed in the Bait ul -Mal in a section other than that of
zakat. It is spent on all the aspects that the State decides, in the same
way as the other properties of Bait ul-Mal.
I hope this is sufficient.
Your brother,
Abu Yasin
8th Jumada II 1440 AH
13/02/2019 CE