যে আত্মহত্যা করে তাকে কি কাফির বলা যাবে?

With regard to the issue of the person who commits suicide, whether he is considered a kaffir or remains Muslim, the issue is as follows:

First: There is evidence on this subject that the person who commits suicide will be in Hell forever:

1- On the authority Abu Huraira (ra) from the Prophet of Allah that he said:

“He who throws himself from a mountain and kills himself will be thrown down in the fire of Jahannam and remain in it for ever and ever; he who sips poison and kills himself will have his poison in his hand and sip it for ever and ever in the fire of Jahannam; and he who kills himself with a piece of iron will have his piece of iron in his hand and will be stabbed with it in his belly in the fire of Jahannam for ever and ever.” [Agreed upon] This is the version in Bukhari.

2- From Al-A’mash from Abi Salih from Abu Huraira from the Messenger of Allah (saw) that he said:

“Whoever kills himself with (an instrument of) iron, he will come on the Day of Judgment with his iron in his hand, to continually stab himself in his stomach with it, in the fire of Jahannam, dwelling in that state eternally. And whoever kills himself with poison, then his poison will be in his hand, to continually take it in the Fire of Jahannam, dwelling in that state eternally.” [Extracted by Tirmidhi]

It is clear from these hadiths that the one who kills himself will be in the fire of Hell “forever and ever,” and this is an indication that he will die as a kaffir.

Second: But other evidences have been reported that he dies in the state of Islam, but he will be committing a grave sin, and these evidences include:

1.From Abu Zubair from Jaber…

“When the Prophet (saw) migrated to Medina, Tufail son of Amr also migrated to that place, and there also migrated along with him a man of his tribe. But the climate of Medina did not suit him, and he fell sick. He felt very uneasy. So he took hold of an iron head of an arrow and cut his finger-joints. The blood streamed forth from his hands, till he died. Tufail son of Amr saw him in a dream. His state was good and he saw him with his hands wrapped. He (Tufail) said to him: “What treatment did your Allah accord to you?” He replied, “Allah granted me pardon for my migration to the Prophet (saw).” He (Tufail) again said: “What is this that I see you wrapping up your hands?” He replied: “I was told (by Allah): We would not set right anything of yours which you damaged yourself.” Tufail narrated this (dream) to the Messenger of Allah (saw). Upon this he (saw) prayed: “O Allah I grant pardon even to his hands.” [Extracted by Muslim from Jabir]

2-On the authority of Abu Al-Zubair, on the authority of Jaber… He said:

“So Tufail emigrated and a man from his people migrated with him, the man fell sick. – he said: He became bored or a word similar So he took hold of an iron head of an arrow and cut his finger-joints and he died. He (Tufail) saw him in a dream. And said to him: “What treatment did your Allah accord to you?” He replied, “Allah granted me pardon for my migration to the Prophet (saw).” He (Tufail) again said: “What is this that I see you wrapping up your hands?” He replied: “I was told (by Allah): We would not set right anything of yours which you damaged yourself.” Tufail narrated this (dream) to the Prophet (saw). Upon this he prayed: “O Allah grant pardon even to his hands.” He (saw) raised his hands. [Al-Hakim narrated it in Al-Mustadrak and said: “This Hadith is authentic according to the conditions of the two sheikhs, and they did not extract it”.]

It is clear from these Hadiths that the person who commits suicide dies in a state of Islam, so the Messenger (saw) prays for him to be forgiven, and that the one who carries out suicide commits a great sin, to the extent that it was mentioned in the Hadith: «لَنْ نُصْلِحَ مِنْكَ مَا أَفْسَدْتَ»“We would not set right anything of yours which you damaged.”«إنا لن نصلح منك ما أفسدت من نفسك»“We would not set right anything of yours which you damaged yourself.”

Third: It is clear from these Hadiths that there is a contradiction between them, in the first part the suicide committer dies in a state of kufr (disbelief) and in the second part, he dies as a Muslim committing a great sin by killing himself. Thus, the first part prevents praying over his body or burying him in Muslims’ cemeteries. And the second part, it is prayed over his body and he is buried in Muslims’ cemeteries, i.e., there is an apparent contradiction between these Hadiths, so either some of these Hadiths’ reports are rejected or they are combined, and because the implementation of the two Hadiths is more important than the neglect of one of them, It is necessary to combine them first if possible. Looking at the Hadiths of the two parts, and studying them, it is possible to combine them; that the first hadiths are about the one who commits suicide as a kaffir, denying the rules of Islam known from the Deen by necessity, i.e. the polytheist or one who denies prayer and fasting and the like. Therefore, there is no prayer over his body and will not be buried in the Muslims’ cemeteries. The second category is one who dies in a state of Islam but is disobedient, he is the one committing suicide for another reason, such as being bored with life or due to a bad reality in which he lives, or such reasons, so he dies committing a major sin, the combination of these evidences is as follows:

Whoever commits suicide and has declared his kufr (disbelief) to the people or his denial of any Shariah ruling known from the Deen by necessity in a clear and certain way, he dies on disbelief. And one whose situation was concealed and did not announce his Kufr clearly and specifically and remained on Islam, and he commits suicide, he dies on Islam and is prayed over him and is buried in Muslim cemeteries…

Fourth: Therefore, the answer to your question about the suicide is according to what we mentioned in the “Third” part. If the suicide committer did not clearly and definitively declare his kufr, then he is disobedient and committing a great sin, but he dies upon Islam, is prayed over his body and is buried in the Muslims’ cemeteries.

This is what I see most likely (overweighed) on the issue, Allah (swt) Knows Best and is Most Wise.